1.3 Historical Development of Intellectual Property in Nepal

The Nepali ladder: (1) the early era — the 1930s' first Patent, Design and Trademark legislation (the Juddha Shumsher era's Act (1936-era) — the Rana period's beginnings); (2) the current Patent, Design and Trademark Act 2022 B.S. (1965) (the registration system's establishment — the Department of Industry's administration); (3) the copyright line (the first Copyright Act 2038 (1981) → the Copyright Act 2059 (2002) (the TRIPS-era modernisation — the digital-and-related- rights faces)); (4) the international integration (the WIPO membership 1997 → the Paris Convention accession (in force 22 June 2001) → the WTO/TRIPS membership 23 April 2004 → the Berne Convention accession 2006 — the verified dates); (5) the modern era (the IP Policy 2074; the long-pending Industrial Property Bill (the new patent-trademark-design law's draft — the 1965 Act's replacement awaited); the Geographical Indication-and-traditional- knowledge protection debates (the sui generis questions)); the honest audit (the thin-registration reality (the few patents granted); the piracy's scale (the copyright enforcement gap); the capacity's limits (the examination machinery's thinness)). Exam Focus Long questions: (i) The IP's concept-kinds-importance (the banker); (ii) The historical development in Nepal (the ladder with the verified dates). Short questions: the exclusivity-bargain; the industrial-vs-copyright divide; the Treaty Act 2047's domestication. Trick areas: (i) IP protects the EXPRESSION-and-the APPLICATION — never the bare idea; (ii) The kinds' two families: industrial property (Paris) vs copyright (Berne) — the classification's craft; (iii) Nepal's dates: WIPO 1997, Paris 2001, WTO/TRIPS 2004, Berne 2006 (the sequence's order — the exam's favourite); (iv) The current PDT Act = 2022 B.S. (1965) — the 1930s Act was its predecessor (the two-act confusion).