2.2 Copyright and Related Rights

Nature and meaning: the WORK's protection (the expression — never the idea (the idea- expression dichotomy (the exam's anchor))); the automatic subsistence (the creation's moment — no formalities (the Berne principle; the Nepali registry facilitative-not-constitutive)). Kinds: the works' catalogue (the literary, the musical, the dramatic, the artistic, the cinematographic, the sound-recordings, the broadcasts, the computer programs (the literary-work's treatment)); the rights' bundle — the ECONOMIC (the reproduction, the distribution, the rental, the public performance, the broadcasting, the adaptation-and-translation) + the MORAL (the paternity-and- integrity — the Berne Article 6bis line). Term and ownership (Nepal — Copyright Act 2059): the author's default; the employer's-and-commission allocations; the standard term (the life-plus- fifty principle (the Berne floor) with the corporate-and-neighbouring works' fixed-term faces — the Act's own provisions). Infringement: the unlicensed exercise of the rights (the piracy's-copy world); the permitted uses' defences (the fair dealing/fair use faces (the research-review-reporting- education catalogue)); the digital-era infringements (the online-distribution's scale). Remedies: the civil (injunction + damages); the criminal (the Act's fines-and-imprisonment (the piracy offences)); the administrative (the anti-piracy raids' machinery). Exam Focus Long questions (the unit is the subject's bank): (i) The patent's full craft (the patentability trio + the term + the infringement-remedies — the banker); (ii) The copyright's bundle (the economic-moral rights + the term + the remedies); (iii) The GI- and-traditional-knowledge pair (the…