3.7 Causes and Consequences of Migration

The causes (the push-pull craft): the pushes (the land's scarcity, the poverty, the conflict's memory, the climate's-and-the disaster's faces); the pulls (the wages' gap, the urban jobs-and- services, the networks'-and-the kinship chains); the intermediaries (the brokers'-and-the recruiters' world (the legal-and-illegal faces)). The consequences: the demographic (the origin's draining (the women-children-elderly villages — the feminisation-and-the ageing of the hills; the destination's swelling)); the economic (the remittances' third-of-the-economy weight (the poverty's fall + the dependency's risk)); the social (the family's transformation (the single-women households; the children-left-behind)); the legal's response (the Foreign Employment Act 2064's protection world (the pre-departure, the contract, the welfare fund, the complaint machinery) + the reintegration's faces).