1.4 Victimological Development in Nepal

The Nepali arc: (1) the traditional faces (the melmilap (the reconciliation's restorative craft (the community's dispute settlement (the customary institutions' face)))); (2) the modern statute's drip (the special laws' victim faces (the Domestic Violence Act 2066's protection-and-compensation; the Human Trafficking Act 2064's rescue-rehabilitation (the victims' relief funds' craft))); (3) the constitutional leap (the Constitution 2072's Article 21 (the crime victims' rights (the verified frame: the information, the social rehabilitation, the compensation (Unit 4's detail)))); (4) the dedicated statute (the Crime Victim Protection Act 2075 (2018) (the victim's definition-and- rights + the protection + the compensation machinery — the field's Nepali anchor)); (5) the transitional-justice faces (the conflict's victims (the TRC-CIEDP world (Unit 5's detail) + the courts' disappearance jurisprudence (Unit 6's Dhakal-and-Oli cases))); (6) the continuing gaps (the implementation's thinness (the funds' adequacy, the protection's practice, the secondary victimisation's persistence — the honest audit)). Exam Focus Long questions: (i) The victimology's meaning-and-evolution (the five-era ladder — the banker); (ii) The victim-vs-criminal justice interrelation (the state's takeover → the rights' rebalancing). Short questions: the victimisation's three layers; Mendelsohn-von Hentig-Wolfgang; the Article 21 trio. Trick areas: (i) The SECONDARY victimisation = the SYSTEM'S OWN harm (the favourite definition); (ii) The victimology's founders' pairing (Mendelsohn the term, von Hentig the typologies, Wolfgang the precipitation); (iii) The victim's rights NEVER displace the fair trial (the balance's discipline); (iv) Nepal's arc: the special laws → the Article 21 → the 2075 Act (the three-step sequence).