4.2 Meaning, Modus Operandi, Nature, and Comparative Study of

Cyber Crime The meaning: the crime involving the computer (the TWO faces: the computer-as-TARGET (the system's violation (the hacking world)) and the computer-as-TOOL (the traditional wrong's digital instrument (the fraud (the harassment)))); the modus operandi (the exam's craft): the phishing (the bait (the fake-site's credential harvest (the social engineering's root))); the malware (the virus-worm-trojan-ransomware family (the intrusion's-and-the encryption-extortion's crafts)); the social engineering (the human's exploitation (the "the weakest link" craft)); the botnet (the hijacked armies (the DDoS (the crime-as-a-service)); the nature: the borderless (the jurisdiction's nightmare); the anonymous (the attribution's challenge (the IP's-and-the VPN's masks)); the scalable (the one-to-many (the mass victimisation)); the evidentiary volatility (the logs'-and-the deletion's (the volatile's craft (the first-hours rule))); the comparative's face: the modern-age's criminal industry (the organised (the RaaS (the ransomware-as-a-service's franchise craft)); the state's faces (the espionage (the Stuxnet-era's name-level lore)); the platform-era's social engineering (the romance-and-the investment scams (the BEC (the "digital arrest"-type era's faces))).