9 D. The Sena kingdoms' administration

1. Monarchy on the Mithila pattern — the Sen raja with his mukhtiyar/diwan-grade ministers, military commanders (the Sena army of hill levies and tarai cavalry), and priestly bureaucracy; 2. Land: the kipat communal tenure of the Kirat hills under hereditary chiefs (subba, mukhiya) in treaty-relationship to the crown — the east's distinct constitutional bargain — plus royal and jagir land in the inner tarai; 3. Trade: control of the trans-Koshi trade corridors (Morang's grain trade; the salt route from Tibet) — customs as royal revenue; 4. Justice: the raja's court and the chiefs' customary courts among the Kirat peoples — plural legal orders under loose overlordship; 5. Decline: 18th-century succession disputes (the Bedkot/Chaudandi-Vijayapur split) invited the Gorkhali advance (Unit 5).