What are logical fallacies?

The English word research is composed of the prefix re- ("again") and search ("to look for carefully"). Literally, research means to search again — a careful, patient, repeated examination of a subject in order to discover the truth. Definitions: The Advanced Learner's Dictionary: "A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge." Redman and Mory: "Systematized effort to gain new knowledge." D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson (Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences): "The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art." In concept, research is: • a process of systematic inquiry, not a casual reading of materials; • objective — it follows the evidence wherever it leads, rather than seeking support for a preconceived answer; • methodical — it proceeds through defined steps (problem → design → data → analysis → conclusion); • aimed at new knowledge or better understanding — discovering, verifying, interpreting or applying facts. Steps of research (apply to every kind, legal or social): 1. Selection and formulation of the problem 2. Review of existing literature 3. Formulation of hypothesis or research questions 4. Research design (sources, methods, tools) 5. Collection of data/materials 6. Analysis and interpretation 7.…