Write short notes on (a) Constitutional Bench

The "indicators" of a legal system are the visible marks by which we identify it: its sources of law, institutions, legal family, and legal culture. For Nepal the indicators are: 1. A written, supreme Constitution — the Constitution of Nepal 2072 (2015) is the fundamental law; any law inconsistent with it is void (Art. 1). It creates a federal democratic republic. 2. A federal distribution of law-making power — three tiers of government (federal, seven provinces, 753 local levels — Art. 56), each with legislative competence distributed through Schedules 5–9 of the Constitution. 3. A codified (statute-centred) tradition — Nepal belongs broadly to the civil-law family in style: the Muluki Civil Code 2074, Muluki Criminal Code 2074 and companion procedure codes govern most private and criminal law in systematic codes. This tradition descends from the Muluki Ain of 1910 BS (1853 AD) — one of South Asia's earliest national legal codes. 4. Precedent as a formal source — despite codification, Article 128(4) makes the Supreme Court's interpretations and legal principles binding on all — a common-law element grafted onto a codified system. Nepal is therefore a mixed legal system. 5. A single, integrated judicial hierarchy — although the state is federal, the judiciary is unitary: Supreme Court → High Courts → District Courts, all under the Supreme Court (Arts. 127,…