3 A. Making of law

(1) The Federal Parliament (bicameral: House of Representatives + National Assembly): 1. Introduction — a Bill may be introduced by a Minister or a member; Money Bills (concerning taxation, the Consolidated Fund, borrowing, etc.) may be introduced only in the House of Representatives and only by a Minister (Art. 110). 2. Readings and passage — the Bill is debated (first reading, clause-by-clause consideration — often in a committee — then final reading) and passed by majority of members present and voting. 3. Action by the other House — the second House may pass the Bill, or pass it with amendments; where the Houses disagree, the disputed Bill is presented to a joint sitting of both Houses. 4. Certification — the Bill, authenticated by the Speaker/Chair, is presented to the President, who must certify it within 15 days; the President may return an ordinary Bill once with a message for reconsideration, but if both Houses pass it again, certification becomes obligatory (Art. 113). On certification the Bill becomes an Act. 5. Publication — the Act takes effect on publication in the Nepal Gazette (or on the date specified in it). (2) Ordinance — when both Houses are not in session, the President, on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers, may promulgate an Ordinance with the force of an Act (Art.…