7 A. Public law — law between the State and the person

1. Constitutional law — the Constitution 2072: structure of the state, fundamental rights (Arts. 16–46), constitutional remedies. 2. Administrative law — the law of governmental action: how ministries, CDOs and authorities must act (fair hearing, jurisdiction, reasons); control through writs (certiorari, mandamus — Arts. 133(3), 144(2)) and the emerging framework for tribunals (Art. 152). 3. Criminal law — offences are prosecuted by the State (in the name of government attorneys, Arts. 157–158) as wrongs against society; Muluki Criminal Code 2074 + Criminal Procedure Code 2074 + Evidence Act 2031. 4. Revenue/tax law — tax statutes administered by tax offices; disputes to the Revenue Tribunal. 5. Public features: State as a party; public interest at stake; relaxation of locus standi in public- interest litigation; remedies aimed at legality, not private gain.