1. Statutory present: "Whoever commits murder shall be punished" — present for the definition, shall for the consequence.
2. Past simple for narration of facts (statements of claim, FIRs, judgments): events are fixed in time.
3. Present perfect for procedural recitals: "WHEREAS the parties have entered into an agreement dated…"
4. Sequence of tenses in reported speech: "He said he was innocent" (see Unit 2, 2.2).
5. Subjunctive for hypotheticals: "If the defendant were liable, damages would exceed…" (see Unit 2, 2.6).