18 A. Forms of denial

1. Not: verb negation — "The defendant did not receive the notice." 2. No + noun: "No contract was ever formed." (stronger — denies existence) 3. Neither… nor: "The signature is neither genuine nor authorised." 4. Lexical negatives: deny, refute, reject, dispute, negate, lack, fail ("The plaintiff fails to make out a cause of action" — a lawyer's way of saying "loses"). 5. Except/save/provided that — partial denial (carve-outs).