List any four constitutional provisions that make Nepal a welfare-oriented state.

1. Aristotle: the state (polis) is "a union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficing life" — the highest community, existing for the sake of the good life, not mere life. 2. Woodrow Wilson: "the state is a people organized for law within a definite territory." 3. J.W. Garner: "a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience." 4. H.J. Laski: "a territorial society divided into governments and subjects… claiming supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries" — the state as the association of associations. 5. Working definition: The state is a politically organised community of people, permanently occupying a defined territory, under an organised government, exercising supreme (sovereign) power internally and independence externally.