5 B. Other views (know at least four)

1. Rousseau — popular sovereignty: the people, assembled, are the sovereign; the general will is always right and cannot be represented ("The English people believe themselves free; they are grossly mistaken; they are free only during the election of Members of Parliament"). Sovereignty is inalienable, indivisible, unrepresentable — the philosophical ancestor of the referendum and the Constituent Assembly. 2. Dicey — parliamentary sovereignty: Parliament (Crown + Lords + Commons) has "the right to make or unmake any law whatever", including morally absurd laws — the purest legal sovereignty; but even Dicey distinguished the political sovereign behind it (see 3.3). 3. Laski and the pluralists: the state is one association among many (churches, unions, universities); its claim to supremacy is a claim, not a fact; groups have real, autonomous authority. The seedbed of civil society, federalism and PIL-era thinking. 4. Kelsen — normative sovereignty: what matters is the basic norm from which legal validity flows — sovereignty as the logical unity of the legal order, not a person. 5. Popular sovereignty, modern constitutional form: sovereignty vests in the people, who exercise it through constitution-making (the Constituent Assembly), elections, and referenda.