Explain "threshold" and "closed list" with reference to Nepal's PR system. 5.

Democracy (Greek demos = people; kratos = rule/power) — rule by the people. Four great restatements: 1. Abraham Lincoln (Gettysburg, 1863): "government of the people, by the people, for the people." 2. Pericles' Funeral Oration (431 BC, on Athens): power "in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people", and laws securing equal justice. 3. Joseph Schumpeter (realist-minimal, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 1942): democracy is "that institutional arrangement… in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote" — a method (competitive elections), not an end-state. 4. UN/ICCPR standard: free, periodic, genuine elections by universal and equal suffrage and secret ballot; plus the associated freedoms (expression, association, assembly) that make elections meaningful.