10 B. Nepal's specific challenges (build from the general)

1. Government instability — the revolving-door politics of coalitions (the Art. 100 cycle); policy discontinuity; 2. Implementation gap — a superb constitution (rights, federalism, inclusion) with weak delivery machinery; 3. Federal transition frictions — power and resources hoarded at the centre; provincial capacity thin; civil-service federalisation stalled; 4. Corruption and patronage — politics as investment; state capture concerns; enforcement gaps despite the CIAA; 5. Party pathologies — intra-party autocracy, candidate monopolies, weak internal democracy (even though Art. 269(4) demands it); 6. Exclusion unfinished — Dalit, Madhesi, gender, and geographic disparities persist despite inclusion provisions (Arts. 38, 40, 42, 84(2)); 7. Civic deficit — low democratic culture, weak civic education, youth disillusion and migration; 8. New-generation issues — digital misinformation, data-politics, unregulated campaign spending. Closing line for essays: Nepal has solved the arrival problem (elections, republic, federation, rights); its unfinished agenda is the performance problem — making democratic institutions deliver daily goods honestly. Democracy, as Amartya Sen argues, is not a machine that runs itself but a set of practices demanding perpetual public defence.