4 A. State actors (constitutional players)

1. The three organs — legislature, executive, judiciary (Unit 4); 2. The Election Commission (Art. 245–246): conducts all elections, keeps the voters' roll, decides candidate-eligibility questions — referee of the system; 3. Constitutional commissions as democratic guardrails: Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (Art. 238 — anti-corruption); Auditor General (Art. 240 — scrutiny of public money); National Human Rights Commission (Art. 248); Public Service Commission (Art. 242 — merit in administration); the inclusion commissions (Women's Commission; Dalit; Adivasi Janajati; Madhesi; Tharu; Muslim; National Inclusion Commission — the machinery of Art. 42's inclusive state). 4. Security forces under civilian control (Arts. 266–268) — democratic army/police, not praetorian power.