6 A. Good governance — the concept

World Bank (1992) origin: "the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development." The UN's eight characteristics (learn as a list): 1. Participation — all citizens' voices in decision-making; 2. Rule of law — fair, enforced legal frameworks; independent judiciary; 3. Transparency — decisions taken and publicised in rule-bound, accessible ways; 4. Responsiveness — institutions serve stakeholders within a reasonable time; 5. Consensus orientation — mediation of differing interests; 6. Equity and inclusiveness — all groups, especially the marginalised, share in well-being; 7. Effectiveness and efficiency — processes produce results that meet needs with best use of resources; 8. Accountability — decision-makers answer to the public and to institutional stakeholders — governmental, corporate, and private.