7.2 Development, Anthropology and the Anthropology ofDevelopment

The crucial distinction (the exam's core — learn it exactly):1. Development anthropology = anthropology in the service of development: applied work inside projects — social assessments, resettlement planning, beneficiary analysis, participatory design, safeguard compliance — making interventions fit social realities.2. The anthropology of development = the study of development as a phenomenon: the industry, its discourses, its experts, its knowledge-power — development itself as a culture to be ethnographed. The classic studies of the second kind (name three):Arturo Escobar (Encountering Development, 1995 — "development" as a Western discourse that produced the "Third World" as its object); James Ferguson (The Anti-Politics Machine, 1990 — Lesotho: the development apparatus's actual output was bureaucratic state expansion, whatever its stated purpose); Tania Murray Li (improvement's relays; communities' rendering "intelligible" for intervention). Their shared question: who defines the problem, and what does theintervention do besides its stated aim?The bridge to law: safeguards, consultation rights and free-prior-informed-consent (FPIC) norms, and the EIA process (Environment Protection Act 2076's instruments — cite without sections) are the legal machine built from anthropology's critiques.