7.6 NGO/INGO-Centered Approaches

The theory: service delivery and advocacy by non-state organisations — the post-1990 "civil society" turn (the Washington consensus's third sector, the humanitarian system's NGOs); in Nepal: the thousands of registered NGOs and the long INGO presence (the reference list's world: from Save the Children to the small specialist) — the sector's roles: gap-filling (where the state isthin — remote health posts, schools), innovation (pilot models later scaled), advocacy (the rights movements' NGO allies — Unit 8's movements), humanitarian response (the 2015 earthquake's celebrated mobilisation). The anthropological critiques (the unit's analytic core): donor- dependence and the project cycle's tyranny (eleven-month thinking); accountability upward (to the funder, not the community); mission drift and NGO-isation of movements (the feminist movement's staffing into projects — the debate); the broker class's careerism (7.3's type); competition among NGOs for the same "beneficiaries" and the sovereignty question (INGOs and national policy — the recurring regulatory debates: the Social Welfare Council's umbrella and the periodic tightening of INGO agreements).