6.4 Non-Tariff Barriers (TBT, SPS and Licensing Procedures)

1. The TBT Agreement — the technical regulations-standards-conformity assessments: the necessity-and-non-discrimination; the international-standards' harmonisation (the presumption); the code-of-good-practice; the TBT committee's faces. 2. The SPS Agreement — the food-safety-and-animal-plant health: the science's requirement (the risk assessment); the international-standards' anchor (the Codex-OIE-IPPC); the precaution's face (the provisional measures); the developing-countries' adaptation. 3. The Import Licensing — the licensing procedures' discipline: the simplicity-and-fairness; the automatic-vs-non-automatic (the quota-administration's transparency); the Nepal practice (the import licences' regime — the quotas-and-restrictions' faces). The NTB's law-and-politics: the standards' legitimation vs the protectionism's new clothes (the standards-as-barriers critique); the SPS-TBT jurisprudence (the beef-hormones' lore — the precaution's contest).