6.5 Exceptions (General and Specific Exceptions)

1. The general exceptions (GATT Art XX) — the listed grounds: the public morals; the health- and-life; the environment (the exhaustible-resources); the prisons' goods... — the two-part test (the ground's legitimacy + the chapeau's non-arbitrariness: the disguised-restriction bar). 2. The security exceptions (Art XXI) — the security's essentials (the self-judging controversy — the modern cases). 3. The economic exceptions — the balance-of-payments (the XII); the safeguards' emergency (the XIX); the regional-integration exceptions (the XXIV — the FTAs' cover). 4. The GATS-and-TRIPS exceptions — the parallel regimes' own.