6.6 Trade Remedies (Anti-Dumping Duty and Countervailing Duty)

1. Anti-dumping: the dumping (the export-below-normal-value); the injury (the material damage-threat); the causation; the investigation's procedure (the notice, the participation, the evidence); the duty's imposition (the dumped-margin's ceiling); the price-undertakings; the sunset's review. The critique: the AD's protective abuse (the anti-competitive remedy — the economists' complaint). 2. Countervailing duties: the subsidy's definition (the government's financial contribution + the benefit); the specificity (the selective subsidies); the prohibited-vs-actionable (the red-amber- green lore: the export-and-local-content prohibitions); the injury-and-causation; the SCM's discipline (the notification; the remedies). 3. The safeguards' companion (the injury's emergency protection without the unfairness) — the three remedies' comparison the exam loves.