• Invisible hand: self-interest, through competition, serves the social good (Smith's Wealth ofNations, 1776 — the market order's founding text);
• Say's Law — "supply creates its own demand" general gluts impossible; markets clear;
• Laissez-faire policy conclusion: the state minimal; the labour theory of value (Ricardo); comparative advantage (Ricardo — Unit 3.3's trade core); Malthus's population warning and his heresy (demand deficiency — the ignored premonition).