(The standard classification — Salmond's three, extended by Friedmann. Learn the table.)
| Kind | Alsocalled | What it studies | Representative figures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analytical(expository)jurisprudence | formal | the structure and concepts of law as it is: rights, duties, persons, property, liability, ownership, possession | Austin, Holland,Salmond, Hart, Kelsen (Unit 3.3) |
| Historicaljurisprudence | genetic | law as it evolved: the life of custom, the growth of legal institutions | Savigny, Maine, Puchta (Unit 3.2) |
| Philosophical(ethical)jurisprudence | normative | what law ought to be: justice, rights, the moral basis of legal obligation | natural-law thinkers, Bentham, Rawls,Dworkin (Units 3.1, 5) |
| Sociologicaljurisprudence /functional | realistic- empirical | law in society: causes, effects, workings — law in action | Ehrlich, Pound, Duguit,the realists (Units 3.4, 3.6) |
| Comparativejurisprudence | — | law across systems: common law vs civil law vs religious/customary orders; legal transplants | constant tradition; essential in a mixed system like Nepal's |
Friedmann's useful division (worth a line):systematic jurisprudence (analytical — the skeleton) vs historical/philosophical/sociological jurisprudence (the organism in time, in ethics, in society). Formal vs functional is the same contrast in modern words.