Distinguish formal from material sources of law.2.

The question the whole course orbits. Give three or four definitions, their school affiliations, then asynthesis.The classic attempts (brief quotes, exact attribution):• Austin (analytical): law is "the command of the sovereign" — a general command, backed by sanction, issued by a determinate superior habitually obeyed. Law is force, organised.• Salmond: law is "the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in theadministration of justice" — law is what courts recognise and enforce.• Savigny (historical): law is the expression of the Volkstgeist — the common consciousness of a people, growing like language, of which legislation is only one voice (Unit 3.2).• H. L. A. Hart (analytical, post-Austin): law is the union of primary rules (duties) andsecondary rules (rules about rules — recognition, change, adjudication). A legal system exists when officials accept the rule of recognition from an internal point of view.• Roscoe Pound (sociological): law is social engineering — an institutionalised process of balancing competing interests (Unit 3.4).Working synthesis for exams:law is the body of rules of conduct, recognised and enforced bythe state, prescribing rights and duties, and administered through institutions of adjudication —while jurisprudence's schools contest every clause of that sentence (who makes it, why it binds,what it serves).The question behind the question (write this line): the definition of law you choose decides everything downstream — what counts…