5 Republican and Monarchical Constitution

Monarchical: the head of state is a hereditary monarch — the crown as the permanent, hereditary headship of the state. Varieties: absolute (the monarch as the source of all law — pre-1990 Bhutan; Nepal pre-1951 in substance) and constitutional (the monarch reigns but does not rule: bound by the constitution, acting on ministers' advice — the UK, Japan, Spain, Denmark; Nepal under the 1990 Constitution). Constitutional monarchy's logic: a symbolically continuous, politically neutral headship above parties, paired with responsible democratic government; its risk: a monarch tempted into politics, or a public unwilling to keep the crown purely ceremonial.Republican: the head of state is a (usually elected) President — the office, not a bloodline, personifies the state; the people, not a dynasty, are its ultimate source. Varieties: executivepresidents (USA — the President is also head of government: Section 6's presidential type) and ceremonial parliamentary presidents (India, Germany, Nepal — elected heads of state within parliamentary systems). Republicanism's logic: offices open to all, filled by election, for limited terms — the constitutional expression of popular sovereignty.Nepal — the sharpest classification switch in South Asia: from the world's only Hindu kingdom (monarchy constitutionalized in 1990, but the Crown retained emergency andDirective ambiguities that exploded in 2005's royal takeover) to, after the 2006 movement and the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly in 2008,…