4 Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances under the ParliamentaryConstitution

The parliamentary system (exemplars: the United Kingdom, India, Nepal) begins not with separation but with fusion of the executive and legislature, disciplined by responsibility:1. Fusion of personnel: the executive (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) is drawn from and remains members of the legislature; the head of state (constitutional President/Monarch) is separate and ceremonial.2. Confidence and responsibility: the government exists only while it enjoys the confidence of the elected house — collective responsibility is enforced by no-confidence: in Nepal, under Article 100, a no-confidence motion against the Prime Minister requires one-quarter of House of Representatives members to table it and a majority of the total House membership to pass it, and cannot be moved within the first two years of the PM's term, nor again for one year after a failed motion — a design that checks both ministerial instability and hounded governance.3. Executive-led legislature in practice: the government drafts and pilots most legislation, controls the agenda, and dissolves the house and calls elections in defined circumstances — the executive checking the legislature.4. Judiciary separate in personnel and function: appointment through constitutional processes (in Nepal, the Constitutional Council recommending the Chief Justice and the Judicial Council the other judges), with security of tenure; judges removed only by impeachment — Article 101: one-quarter of the House of Representatives may table an…