What is kipat tenure?

The statutes (the syllabus's six — memorize years and functions):1.1 Land Act, 2021 B.S. (1964)The land reform charter: land ceilings (the maximum holding per family, fixed by region — in the order of 25 bigha in the Terai and 70–80 ropani in the hill/valley zones at enactment, progressively tightened by amendment), the abolition of intermediary tenures (jamindari/talukdari, birta conversions), tenancy reform (the mohi's registration and security — below), the land-surveyand record establishment mandate, ceiling-surplus confiscation and redistribution to the tiller and landless, and the institutional machinery (the land reform offices; the compensation committees). The Act's amendments — the 5th amendment (1997)'s tenancy changes (joint- ownership certificates for registered tenants and landholders; the buy-out options) — and its continuing status as the ceiling law's core.1.2 Guthi Corporation Act, 2033 B.S. (1976)The guthi system's corporate reorganization: the Guthi Sansthan (Guthi Corporation) — the statutory body owning/managing sanjhya guthi (public/government-endowed guthis) lands, collecting rents, maintaining religious sites and festivals funded by the endowments; registration of guthis and their endowments; the guthiyar's role in private (nichhe) guthis continuing alongside. The design's tension (the running theme): centralized management's efficiency vs. the local religious community's alienation from its own endowment — the 2019 guthi-land controversy (the government's attempted legislation triggering protest and withdrawal) as the live illustration.1.3 Nepal Trust Act, 2064 B.S. (2008)The modern trust framework:…