7 General Conditions of Liability

When does a person incur liability at all? Jurisprudence assembles the conditions (the framework that tort and crime elaborate):1. A wrongful act or omission — breach of a legal duty (act plus circumstance plus consequence; for omissions, a duty to act must exist — the doctor's duty, the parent's duty).2. Causation — the act must have caused the harm (factual and legal/proximate cause; the intervening-act (novus actus interveniens) doctrine cutting the chain).3. Capacity/responsibility of the agent — liability presupposes a responsible agent: infancy and insanity qualify or exclude liability (Nepal's Criminal Code 2074's minimum-age and insanity provisions — see Criminal Law-I); corporations act through responsible officers.4. Fault or a strict-liability trigger — either blameworthiness (intention, recklessness, negligence — the mens rea family) or a policy basis for no-fault liability (risk-creation, relationship, statutory command).5. Absence of a valid justification/excuse — self-defence, necessity, statutory authority, consent of the victim (within limits) negate or excuse liability.6. A remedy provided by law — ubi jus ibi remedium; liability is meaningless without a sanction courts can enforce.For the examination, present these six as a checklist, then show their operation in both criminal (the actus reus/mens rea structure studied in Criminal Law-I) and civil (tort elements) settings — demonstrating that jurisprudence is the master-map of liability's particular territories.