4 Parliamentary Control over Executive

1. The confidence axis (Article 100): the PM's confidence votes; the no-confidence motion (¼ of members, in writing, naming the alternative PM; barred in the PM's first two years and for one year after a failure; passes by majority of total members → the named member becomes PM); 2. Questions, debates, motions: question hour, zero hour, adjournment and special-motion practice (the Rules of Procedure's machinery — Article 104); the President's addresses (95) and the government's duty to answer (the annual reports of ministries and constitutional bodies); 3. Committee scrutiny (Article 97): the standing committees' departmental oversight (the Public Accounts Committee's audit-chasing; the Law/Human-Rights and State-Affairs committees' confirmation-and-investigation practice; the Women-and-Social committee's rights watch) — Unit 6 of this subject's accountability web; 4. Budgetary control: the estimates-and-appropriation cycle as the executive's annual leash (119–120; the supplementary estimates' transparency — 121); 5. The ultimate sanctions: no-confidence (100), impeachment of ministers' principals (101), refusal of legislation, and dissolution as the countersanction (76(7)) — the parliamentary state's constitutional physics.