2.4 One Who Asserts Must Provide Proof

The burden's first principle (the Roman's heir — ei incumbit probatio qui dicit): the asserter proves. The civil application: the plaintiff's case (the plaintiff's facts first); the defendant's counter-assertions (the reply's burden). The criminal application's special rule: the prosecution proves the guilt — the accused never proves innocence (the presumption-of- innocence's evidentiary face; the beyond-reasonable-doubt standard). The exceptions' study: the reverse burdens (the statutory presumptions — U6.5's special laws); the accused's evidentiary burdens (the exceptions' provings — the alibi's-and-insanity's presentation).