Discuss (d) Presumption of innocence

The burden of proof — the obligation to prove: the two burdens' distinction (the exam's core): (1) the legal burden (the burden of proof proper) — the party who loses if the fact is left unproven (the case's outcome-risk); (2) the evidentiary burden (the burden of adducing evidence) — the party who must go forward at each stage (the tactical-to-and-fro of the trial). The standards: the civil (the balance of probabilities — the preponderance) vs the criminal (the beyond-reasonable-doubt — the near-certainty); the intermediate standards' faces (the clear-and- convincing of the serious-civil cases).