3 Forms of Human Conduct

3.1 Act (Positive Conduct)The voluntary muscular act (or the fully-operational actuation in the age of machines — typing, speaking, clicking). Its criminal-law requirement is voluntariness: reflexes, convulsions, sleep movements (somnambulism) and unconscious acts are not "acts" in law — the actus must be a willed movement. This voluntariness requirement is the boundary line of liability: actus presupposes the will (a minimal mental element present even in strict liability).3.2 OmissionLiability for not acting — criminal law's great exception, permitted only where there is a legalduty to act. The classical duty sources (the exam list):1. Statutory duty (tax returns; the maintenance duties the Criminal Code enforces against parents);2. Contractual duty (the nurse's care obligations);3. Special relationship (parent–child; spouse; the duty of rescue within family);4. Voluntary assumption of care (the passer-by who begins rescuing and abandons);5. Duty from one's prior conduct (creating the danger — the person who lights the fire must extinguish it);6. Office/status duties (police officer's duty to act; the shepherd's duty to the flock; the railway signalman's classic cases). Contrast the common position: no general duty to rescue — the bystander who watches a child drown commits no omission-offence unless a duty-source applies (a rule much criticized in comparative literature and softened in some systems). Nepali examples: the Criminal Code's homicide-by-neglect concepts — the parent's failure to feed a child;…