2 State

The state is international law's original and primary subject — the system was built for states (Unit 1's Westphalian matrix).The criteria of statehood (the Montevideo Convention, 1933, Article 1 — the canonicalquartet): a state should possess (1) a permanent population; (2) a defined territory (defined — not delimited-by-survey: boundaries may be disputed without destroying statehood); (3) a government (effective control — the decisiveness criterion); (4) the capacity to enter intorelations with other states (independence — external sovereignty, the criterion implied by the others).Doctrinal refinements:1. Effectiveness vs. legality: the classical criterion is effective control; the modern qualification — illegality of origin (aggression, apartheid, genocide) taints statehood (the ex injuria jus non oritur principle; Rhodesia's 1965 UDI and the 2014 Crimea annexation's collective non- recognition — the Stimson doctrine's children);2. Self-determination's interplay: peoples' right (the decolonization engine) producing states whose birth is legality's triumph over pure effectiveness;3. The statehood theories:declaratory (statehood exists when criteria are met — recognition merely acknowledges) vs. constitutive (recognition creates the state) — Unit 4's fuller treatment;4. Failing and fragile states (Somalia's decade without government): the criteria's stress cases — international practice maintaining legal continuity while effectiveness collapses;5. Permanence and succession: states endure though governments fall (state continuity vs. government succession — Unit 4).Attributes of statehood to list: sovereignty and equality (par in parem); permanent sovereignty over natural…