3 Individuals

The classical system knew individuals only as objects — beneficiaries through their states. The 20th century reversed a corner of that: the individual as subject in defined fields:1. International criminal responsibility: Nuremberg's principle — crimes are committed by men, not abstract entities — to the ICC (the individual prosecuted, punished, and personally responsible; Nepal's Rome Statute membership meaning Nepali nationals are within the Court's complementarity reach for the Rome crimes);2. Human rights: the individual as direct rights-holder under universal and regional instruments — petition procedures (the human-rights treaty bodies' individual communications; regional courts where the individual is a party) — the direct-access architecture that "constitutionalizes" the individual;3. Investment law: the investor's standing to sue states directly (ICSID arbitration — the individual as full procedural subject);4. Limits: no general capacity to make treaties or bring general claims; nationality's mediation survives (diplomatic protection — Unit 7); the individual remains a limited subject — personality functional to the regime that grants it.