Explain the Estrada and Tobar doctrines.

Recognition is the acknowledgment by existing subjects (principally states) of a new fact's legal existence — a new state, a new government, a new situation (annexation, occupation) — with the accepting of the legal consequences that follow. Recognition is a political act with legal effects (the unit's master formula): discretionary in decision, legal in consequence.Types (the classification to reproduce):1. Recognition of state vs. recognition of government (Section 3);2. De facto vs. de jure recognition:de facto acknowledges effective (but perhaps provisional) control — leaving permanence open; de jure acknowledges it as lawful and settled. The pair's historic theatre: the Soviet government's staged recognitions, the Baltic states' 1991 resurrection (de facto occupancy vs. de jure continuity);3. Express vs. implied (tacit) recognition: formal declaration vs. conduct — concluding a bilateral treaty, establishing diplomatic relations (note: membership votes in the UN are not recognition; but a bilateral treaty of relations is);4. Collective recognition (the EC's Badinter-era guidelines; the EC/EU's recognition procedure for Yugoslavia's fragments) vs. unilateral;5. Premature recognition — recognition before the statehood criteria are met (a hostile act toward the parent state — the Axis-era recognitions);6. Recognition of belligerency and insurgency (Unit 3).