2 Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality

Acquisition (the standard catalogue):1. By birth:jus soli (birth in the territory — the Americas' tradition) vs. jus sanguinis (descent — the civil-law and Nepali tradition); the mixed systems (most of the world);2. By naturalization: the state's grant upon application — residence, good conduct, language, renunciation conditions; the discretionary/administrative mode;3. By marriage (the woman's nationality conventions' history: the 1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women ending automatic loss/change; modern law's equal treatment — Nepal's provision for foreign women married to Nepali citizens);4. By option/election (in succession — the population's choice; in territorial transfers);5. By reintegration/repatriation (former nationals' return);6. By cession/annexation of territory (the inhabitants' automatic or optional acquisition — Unit 4's succession consequence);7. By legitimation/recognition (the family-law routes);8. By conferment for services (honorary/gratuitous naturalization). Losing nationality:9. Renunciation/voluntary expatriation (on acquiring another nationality; formal declaration);10. Deprivation/denationalization (fraud in acquisition, disloyalty, naturalization abroad, prolonged absence — increasingly restricted by international law: the 1961 Convention's limits — no deprivation if it renders stateless; the arbitrary-deprivation prohibition in the ICCPR-era jurisprudence);11. Substitution (automatic upon voluntary naturalization elsewhere — the conflict-laws' device);12. By succession (the predecessor's nationality lost as the successor's is gained);13. Deprivation by penalty (treason-type statutes — the constitutional-standards battleground).The plural-nationality problems: dual nationality's spread (the diaspora's demand — Nepal's own debate on dual citizenship for its overseas millions); the Maison Baner rule's…