3 Forms of Jurisdiction

3.1 Territorial JurisdictionThe foundational form: full and exclusive jurisdiction over the territory (land, internal waters, airspace) — the state's law and courts govern all persons and events within, nationals and aliens alike. The extensions:• Subjective territoriality: acts begun within the territory (the firing across the border from inside);• Objective territoriality: acts completed or producing effects within (the bullet from abroad killing inside; the cross-border fraud; the Lotus's own facts — the collision on the high seas whose effects (death of nationals, damage) entered Turkey's jurisdiction, the PCIJ accepting the objective link);• The flag-state fiction — vessels and aircraft as floating/flying territory (with the law of the sea's corrections below);• The quasi-territorial settings: embassies (inviolable but not the sending state's territory — the perennial exam trap), occupied territory (the occupant's functional authority), and artificial islands (no territorial sea of their own).3.2 Personal Jurisdiction• Active personality: every state's jurisdiction over its nationals wherever found (the nationality-service of criminal law: the returning offender; Nepal's Criminal Code reaching serious offences committed abroad by Nepalis — Criminal Law-I's Idris Miya era);• Passive personality: jurisdiction where the victim is a national (the terrorism-era growth; historically contested — the Cutting case's objection — now widely accepted for defined grave crimes);• The refugees' and stateless' substitutes (the 1954 Convention's jurisdiction by lawful residence for stateless persons — the…