Discuss (a) Neer case

State responsibility is international law's law of wrongs: the consequences that follow when a state breaches an international obligation. Its charter is the ILC's Articles on Responsibility ofStates for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA, 2001) — adopted by the ILC, "taken note of" by the General Assembly, never converted to convention, yet authoritative as largely customary law (Unit 2's other-source exemplar) and the daily grammar of international courts.The general rule (ARSIWA Article 2 — memorize the elements): every internationally wrongful act of a State entails its international responsibility, consisting of:1. Attribution: conduct (act or omission) attributable to the State under international law;2. Breach: the conduct breaches an international obligation of the State (treaty, custom, general principle — whichever);3. (Imputability + breach = responsibility; fault is generally not required — objective responsibility: the obligation breached, not the intention — though primary rules may build in fault or damage elements).Attribution's rules (ARSIWA Articles 4–11 — the checklist):• Organs of the state (Art. 4) — any state organ, legislative/executive/judicial, central or federal-local, whatever its position — the acts of the police officer, the judge, the ministry;• Entities exercising governmental authority (Art. 5 — privatized state functions: the contracted prison);• Ultra vires acts still attributable (Art. 7 — the abusive official acting beyond instructions: no exoneration for the state whose organ misused public power);• Direction…