2 Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act

The ARSIWA architecture (Articles 28–37):1. Continuing duties: cessation of the breach (if continuing) and assurances of non-repetition;2. The obligation of reparation — the Chorzów Factory principle (PCIJ, 1928): "reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish thesituation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed" — full reparation as the general principle;3. Forms of reparation:restitution (restoring the situation — return of territory, persons, property; dispensed if impossible or disproportionate); compensation (for financially assessable damage, including loss of profits — the I'm Alone and modern valuation cases); satisfaction (acknowledgment of breach, expression of regret, formal apology — the dignity remedy, I'm Alone's vintage);4. Serious breaches of peremptory norms (Arts. 40–41): aggravated consequences — all states obliged to cooperate to bring the breach to an end and not to recognize the situation as lawful (the collective-interest dimension);5. Invocation: the injured state's right (Art. 42); erga omnes breaches invocable by any state (Art. 48 — the Barcelona Traction concept's procedural child);6. Countermeasures (Arts. 22, 49–54): the injured state's unilateral, temporary, reversible non- performance to induce compliance — proportionality-bound, no force, no humanitarian/ protection obligations breached (the peaceful self-help of a horizontal system).