8 Recent Trends on Immunities and Privileges

1. The human-rights vs. immunity frontier:Al-Adsani (ECtHR, 2001 — torture civil claims vs. state immunity: immunity upheld) against Pinochet's criminal carve-out; JurisdictionalImmunities (2012) re-entrenching state immunity even for WWII-era jus cogens harms; the domestic rebellions (Italy's Constitutional Court's counter-moves — the Sentenza 238/2014 defiance; the German-Italian saga's continuation) — the doctrine's open wound;2. Official immunity's evolution: the Arrest Warrant's absolutism qualified in practice (indictments of sitting heads by the ICC where jurisdiction runs — the Al-Bashir line's travels; states' conflicting obligations: Rome Statute vs. immunities of non-parties' officials — the Jordan Referral (2019) decision);3. State-sponsor terrorism exceptions: the US JASTA (2016) — 9/11 victims' suits against Saudi Arabia; the FSIA's terrorism exception — sovereignty's erosion in single-issue politics;4. Commercial exceptions' expansion — arbitration waiver and employment litigation's growth;5. The IO accountability wave: UN cholera settlement; NGOs' and courts' pressure for remedy mechanisms within immunity (the ombuds-institutionalization trend); sexual-abuse scandals in peacekeeping — immunities shielding peacekeepers, sending states' accountability gap (the standing Nepali concern — Nepal Army contingents' discipline and state responsibility);6. Sanctions-era inviolability frictions (asset freezes of diplomatic or state property — the Venezuela gold cases, embassy-bank account litigation);7. The doctrinal future: a "responsibility to provide remedies" as immunity's emerging condition — the functional-necessity theory turning against its beneficiaries.