(The verified constitutional text — the Nepali lawyer's operative frame; PIL-I Unit 1's summary, expanded:)
1. The treaty power's location (Article 278): the right to enter treaties rests in the Federation (the Government of Nepal), with the consultation duty — treaties on Schedule-6 (provincial-list) subjects require consulting the concerned province;
2. Ratification's constitutional architecture (Article 279): ratification, accession, acceptance or approval as determined by law — and by two-thirds majority of the total members in both houses for the four great categories: (a) peace and friendship; (b) security and strategic alliance; (c) the boundaries of Nepal; (d) natural resources and the distribution of their uses — ordinary treaties of those categories without wide/
grave/long-term impact by simple majority of the House of Representatives' present members; and the supremacy clause of the article: no treaty is implemented without ratification per Article 279;
3. The no-regional-detriment bar: no treaty adversely affecting Nepal's regional integrity;
4. The practical map: the Foreign Ministry's negotiation-and-clearance machinery; Parliament's ratification resolutions (the historic debates — Mahakali 1996; MCC 2022); the implementation layer (the statutes passing treaty obligations into domestic law — the dualist practice of PIL-I Unit 1); and the recurring constitutional question — the courts' conform-interpretation of statutes with ratified treaties.