5 Aggression

Definition (the consensus text — GA Resolution 3314 (XXIX), 1974, Article 3's illustrative list): aggression is the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter — the listed acts: invasion/attack; bombardment; blockade; attack on forces; use of territory for aggression; sending armed bands (the Nicaragua's "effective control" test's home). The Rome Statute's Kampala definition (2010, activated 2018): the crime of aggression — the individual leadership crime (the planner/leader's liability) — the individual and state definitions braided. First use as evidence (the 1974 definition's presumption, rebuttable); the Security Council's determination role (Article 39) and its bypass (the ICC's independent findings within jurisdictional limits).