2 Historical Development of the Laws of Partition

1. The shastric era: the joint family (kundalin family of the Hindu tradition) — the son's share by birth; partition as the ancient right with the father's-and-manager's resistance; 2. The Muluki Ain 1910 (1854): partition codified — the Ain's Partition Chapter (No. 14): the shares' caste-and-family arithmetic; the son's share; the daughter's exclusion (marriage as her "partition" — the dowry-and-tilak logic); the widow's-and-mother's limited position; the chulo (kitchen) and darmar mechanics; 3. The Muluki Ain 2020 (1963): the reformed Partition Chapter — the equal sons' shares; the unmarried daughter's share introduced (with the return-at-marriage condition — the 2020-to-2058 compromise); the wife's-and-widow's share; the debt-and-undivided-property rules; 4. The 11th Amendment 2058 (2002) and the Gender Equality Act 2063 (2006): the gender revolution — the daughter's share by birth, equal, unconditional (the return-on- marriage condition abolished); the married daughter's retention; the wife's-and-mother's standing equalized — the cases' era (Meera Dhungana — Section 8); 5. The Civil Code 2074 (2017): the modern Partition Chapter — the gender-neutral coparcenary (all children, sons-and-daughters, born-in shares); the partition-by-agreement (the family's own deed) and partition-by-decree (the court's); the registration machinery; the Code's companion Inheritance Chapter (Section 11 onward).