5 Consideration

1. Meaning and nature: the price of the promise — something moved (act, forbearance, promise) at the promisor's request; nudum pactum — the bare promise unenforceable (the common-law core); the Nepali position's evolution: the Contract Act 2056's consideration requirement (the Chitra Bahadur Karki v. Maniram Agrwal, NKP 2071, Vol. 10, D.No. 9264 line — no consideration no contract in the 2056 era) → the Code 2074's design: consideration not enumerated among the contract's definitional essentials (the civil-law turn: the agreement's enforceability by consent-and-object, the consideration as the contract's evidentiary-and- taxonomy element rather than its validity gate — the doctrinal shift to state carefully; the Code's gratuitous-contract chapters (gift-and-promise) as the proof of the change); 2. Rules of consideration: at the promisor's request (the volunteered act no consideration); past consideration (the common-law bar vs. the civil-law-and-Indian recognition — the Nepali statute's own position stated functionally); sufficiency vs. adequacy (the law asks presence, not equivalence — the peppercorn's logic; the inadequacy as evidence of fraud-and-undue influence, not a bar); lawful consideration (the unlawful-and-immoral bar — the contract void: Unit 5) and its effect (the tout-nullity — no recovery on the illegal bargain); consideration from a third party (the privity question below); 3. Kinds: executed/executory; express/implied; adequate/inadequate; lawful/unlawful — the classification table with the Nepali illustrations; 4. Doctrine of privity of contract and…