1. The common law (adversarial) model: the parties' contest — the judge the neutral referee: party-driven pleadings, party-produced evidence, the oral-and-public trial, the jury's historical
shadow, cross-examination's theatre; the case-law's precedential procedure (the stare decisis machinery); the disclosure-and-discovery instruments;
2. The continental (inquisitorial) model: the judge's investigation — the file-and-dossier culture: judge-directed fact-gathering, the written-procedure's weight, the investigative judge's historical office, the civil-law codes of procedure (the Code de procédure civile's descendants), the limited-precedent doctrine;
3. The convergences (the modern reality): the adversarial systems' case management (the judge's increasing case-conduct powers); the civil-law systems' oral-and-party elements; the hybrid procedure of the international tribunals; Nepal's own hybridity — the common-law adversarial inheritance (the Anglo-Indian procedure's era) in a civil-law codified frame (the codes) — Comparative Law's mixed-family analysis (Semester 3);
4. The proof systems' contrast: free evaluation-of-evidence (the modern norm both families) vs. the old legal-proof tariffs; the burden-and-standard disciplines (the criminal "beyond reasonable doubt" vs. the civil "balance of probabilities" — the standards to name).