1. Codified-and-unified: the twin codes of 2074 (the Muluki Civil Procedure Code 2074 and the Criminal Procedure Code 2074, in force Bhadra 1, 2075) — the general procedure for both benches, replacing the older scattered instruments (the Justice Administration Act 2048's era-and-housing of the courts' general framework — the Kallu Tharu case's statutory world); the Evidence Act 2031 as the proof's common law;
2. Adversarial-in-form, judge-active-in-practice: the parties' pleadings-and-proof with the Nepali bench's active case-management tradition (the judge's questioning, the reconciliation drives — the civil procedure's milaap duty: the mediation-first mandate);
3. The three-tier structure: district courts → High Courts (per province) → the Supreme Court (the Constitution's Articles 127–152 — Constitutional Law-II, this semester, Unit 6's verified map); the specialized-and-bench layer (Unit 5); the quasi-judicial periphery (Unit 3);
4. The writ-and-PIL overlay: the constitutional jurisdiction (Articles 133/144) with its summary- and-flexible procedure — the procedural law's most dynamic wing;
5. The ADR-integration: arbitration (the Arbitration Act 2055) and mediation (the Mediation Act 2068; the codes' mediation provisions) as the court-linked routes (Unit 4);
6. The informality's degrees: the village-level dispute resolution; the ODR-and-e-filing beginnings (Unit 5's IT section);
7. The character's historical summary: from the Ain-era adda procedure (the Panchayat-and- land-office adjudication) through the 2048 Justice Administration consolidation to the 2074 codes — the professionalization-and-rights-orientation arc.