4.5 Delegation of Authority to Agent and Exception

The rule: delegatus non potest delegare — an agent cannot delegate his authority to another (the principal chose him). Exceptions: (i) the principal's consent (express or implied — the authorization itself contemplates sub-delegation); (ii) custom of trade (the advocate's clerks, the broker's assistants); (iii) purely ministerial/clerical acts (delivery, collection); (iv) necessity/ emergency; (v) where the delegated act involves no discretion.