| Method | Core | Classic products (names only) |
|---|---|---|
| Observation (participant/non-participant) | Watching settings and actors | street-gang ethnographies |
| Case study / clinical | The one offender in depth | Lombroso's criminal anthropology; case histories |
| Survey & interview | Asking populations/ offenders | self-report studies (hidden delinquency) |
| Statistical/ecological | Rates mapped by area | Shaw & McKay's Chicago maps |
| Victimization survey | Asking victims, not police files | the dark figure of crime |
| Experimental/quasi | Interventions tested | "Scared Straight" evaluations (null) |
| Comparative & historical | Across systems and eras | penality's evolution (Foucault) |
| Cohort/longitudinal | Following lives | career-criminal curves |
| The dark figure: recorded crime (FIR-based police statistics in Nepal) is only the visible fraction — unreported, unrecorded, unfound crime — the methods above exist to see around it. |
1.3 Study Methods of Criminology
यो उत्तर युनिट १ मा छ — पूरै निःशुल्क।
यही युनिटका अरू उत्तर
- 1.1 Concept, Nature and Scope of Criminology निःशुल्क
- Define criminology and explain its nature and scope. निःशुल्क
- Explain the methods of criminological study and the problem of the dark figure. निःशुल्क
- Describe the criminal justice system's components and goals with Nepal's framework. निःशुल्क
नोट AI-सहयोगमा बनेका हुन्; मुद्दाको नाम, मिति र धारा पाठ्यपुस्तक र नेपाल कानून पत्रिकासँग आफै जाँच्नुहोस्।